How to Study for a Law School Exam

In most instances, your grade in a course will depend entirely on one law school exam. If that sounds like a lot of pressure, well, quite frankly, it is, but theres good news! Some people in your class have to get As, so you might as well be one of them. The following five steps will help you ace any law school exam: Difficulty: Hard Time Required: Three months Heres How: Study all semester long.Be a diligent student throughout the semester by doing all the assigned reading, taking great notes, reviewing them after each week, and participating in class discussions. Law professors love to talk about seeing the forest for the trees; at this point you should focus on those trees, the main concepts your professor is covering. You can place them in the forest later.Join a study group.A great way to be sure youre understanding key concepts throughout the semester is to go over the readings and lectures with other law students. Through study groups, you can prepare for future classes by discussing assignments and fill in gaps in your notes from past lectures. It may take you a little while to find fellow students you click with, but its worth the effort. Not only will you be more prepared for the exam, youll also get used to talking out loud about cases and concepts--particularly great if your professor uses the Socratic Method.Outline.Leading up to the read ing period, you should have a good grasp of major concepts, so now its time to pull them all together into the forest, if you will, in course outlines. Organize your outline based on the syllabus or your casebooks table of contents and fill in blanks with information from your notes. If you dont want to leave this until just before the exam, do it gradually throughout the semester; start a document with the major concepts, leaving large blank areas that you can fill in with information as you review it from your notes at the end of each week.Use past exams of professors to prepare.Many professors put past exams (sometimes with model answers) on file in the library; if your professor does so, be sure to take advantage. Past exams tell you what your professor considers the most important concepts in the course, and if a sample answer is included, be sure to study the format and copy it as best you can when you attempt other practice questions. If your professor offers review sessions or office hours, be sure to come prepared with a good understanding of past exams, which are also great for study group discussion.Improve your test-taking skills by learning from your past exams.If youve already been through a semester or more of law school exams, one of the best ways to improve your performance is by studying your past performances. If you can get copies of your exams, look at your answers and the model answers carefully. Note where you lost points, where you did the best, and also think back to how and when you prepared--what worked and what may have been a waste of your time. Also be sure to analyze your exam-taking techniques as well, for example, did you use your time wisely during the test? What You Need: CasebookNotesOutlineTime

Framing Energy Security between Russia and South Korea by She Hyun Ahn Article

Essays on Framing Energy Security between Russia and South Korea by She Hyun Ahn Article The paper "Framing Energy Security between Russia and South Korea by She Hyun Ahn" is an outstanding example of an article on politics. For several years, South Korea and Russia have been involved in fuel and energy projects having Russia as the producer and South Korea, the consumer and distributor.One of the biggest projects was the Kovykta PNG project which started in December 1997. The original plan was to build pipelines and deliver natural gas from Eastern Siberia to the participating countries: Japan, China, Mongolia, and South Korea who proposed North Korea to be also part of the project. Although this has been a very promising project, the hopes of providing one-third of South Korea’s annual fuel demand in 30 years was suspended. This was because of the new nationalist views that Russia should prioritize Russian consumers and protect its natural resources. The Kovykta project with South Korea was discontinued (Ahn 593).The Sakhalin gas project has been the first succe ssful energy project between Russia and South Korea. Sakhalin has produced 60M barrels of oil that were exported to seven countries. In a signed contract, Sakhalin Energy has agreed to provide 1.5 metric tons of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to South Korea. It is now the closest source of LNG, taking only two to three days for delivery. Because of the good quality of Sakhalin’s crude oil, South Korea has also been importing this for the production of diesel and kerosene (595).Other projects between South Korea and Russia included: (i) a $38B project between LG (South Korea) and Tafnet (Russia) to construct an oil refinery in Tatarstan; (ii) a $50M deal by Vneshtong bank to finance acquisition of Korean equipment by Russian companies, and; (iii) a $250M agreement between Rosnef and Korea for the exploration of West Kamchatka and Sakhalin Island for oil reserves (595).Despite these projects and agreements, bilateral energy security between the two nations is still being stagnant of the lack of government policies regarding the energy market infrastructure. For example, projects located in the trans-border will not materialize if the states around the border will not cooperate. Also, there is a lack of mutual trust between the two countries. South Korea has a few energy specialists that are capable of solving government-related issues. Thus, the Korean policymakers had only been occupied with short-term projects instead of eyeing for longer terms. South Korean investors were also doubtful in investing in Russia’s fuel supply because the other side had failed to provide legal and infrastructural evidence to attract investors (603).Providing gas and oil to South Korea would promote growth to Russia’s economy. On the other hand, Russia’s resources would provide answers to South Korea’s energy shortage. However, in order to create a functional oil and gas pipeline, a multilateral instead of bilateral energy cooperation project should take place between Japan, China, Korea and Russia (606). Discussion Questions:1. Why was the Kovykta project discontinued?2. What project was the most successful between South Korea and Russia?3. What are the other deals signed between South Korea and Russia?4. What are the problems of a bilateral energy cooperation project?5. How can a gas and oil pipeline be a plausible system?

Engineering Marvel for Hadron Collider- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEngineering Marvel for Large Hadron Collider. Answer: Introduction Large Hadron Collider as the name suggests is the world's largest and the most powerful particle accelerator. Initiated on 10 September 2008, the large hadron collider is still in regularly developing stage and is the latest addition to the CERN's (European Organization for Nuclear Research) accelerator campus which is located on France- Switzerland border near Geneva. The LHC is made up of a 27 kilometer ring which comprises of superconducting magnets along with powerful particle accelerators which helps to boost the energy of particles along the way. The working of LHC is complex yet the methodology is simple. In the LHC, two energy particle beams are made to travel at the speed of light and then they are made to collide. These energy particles travel in opposite directions in two separate pipes which are ultrahigh vacuumed to avoid any kind of resistance to the particles. These particles are guided by a strong magnetic field which is ensured by superconducting electromagnets. These particles travel in the accelerator ring. The electromagnets are built from electric cables which are made from special coils. For these magnets to work efficiently and conduct electricity without any loss of energy, these agents are chilled to the temperature of -271.3 oC which is even colder than outer space. The chilling of these magnets is done by using liquid helium, which not only cools magnets but also other parts of the mega machine. In LHC thousands of magnets of varied sizes are used to direct the particles. The large hadron collider compris es of 1232 dipole magnets of 15 meters which are used to bend the beam and 392 quadrupole magnets each of 5-7 meters of length which are used to focus the beams. Just before the collision another set of magnets is used to squeeze the particles so that the chances of collision may increase. Colliding a particle in the LHC is like firing two needles in opposite directions from 10 kilometers apart and that too with such precision that they both meet halfway. All the technicalities, controls, services of the LHC are housed under one roof i.e. the control room at CERN. Controlled from here the beams are made to collide at four locations inside the accelerator ring. These four particle detectors are ATLAS, CMS, ALICE and LHCb. Inside the accelerator around 3000 bunches of particles are accelerated which contains as many as 100 billion particles. These particles are so insignificant in the terms of size that colliding them is a very cumbersome task and even the chances are low. At the time when these particles cross each other, only 40 collisions take place between 200 billion particles. These bunches crosses each other 30 million times in a second! The LHC thus collides around 1 billion particles per second (CERN, 2017; CERN, 2017). Technological Significance The LHC has many benefits which includes Technological development, Workforce development and the Core science. The benefits derived from the research at LHC are discussed below in details: (CERN, 2017) Technology Development: Apart from space exploration and solving the mysteries of outer space, the research conducted at LHC can give the answer to many unsolved theories and questions which haven't been answered before. Followings are the examples of how development of this technology has benefitted the technological development: Cancer therapy- The accelerator physics has been able to develop the concept of high energy physics in which the particles can now be focused to a small area and they will interact only at the desired location instead of the entire path which helps to determine the area of cancer increase the effectiveness of the treatment. The advanced treatment of cancer lies in acceleration physics so the technology and the method used in LHC has given an answer to treat the disease in a better way. Manufacturing processes- The technology of accelerator physics has also helped in cleaning the process of manufacturing of materials. For ex. The process of tire manufacturing requires vulcanization of rubber which was earlier done through using chemicals but now with the help of accelerator physics the process of vulcanization has become cleaner with minimum or no use of chemicals. Medical and industrial imaging- The cameras used in the process of body and material imaging is the same used in the particle accelerator but the advancement of the technology in used in LHC has helped to make the process easier and better. Pattern Recognition- The first pattern recognition algorithms were developed to recognize the tracks of particle in the form of images of interactions. The process has developed its own importance in the years but the basics of the methods have been derived from particle physics. Grid/cloud computing- The researchers working at LHC and those who worked at Tevatron (the predecessor the LHC) have contributed significantly to cloud/grid computing. The experiments conducted at LHC require huge amour of space to be stores as the information is plenty. The information is produced at LHC is around tens of petabytes annually. This information is stored, processed and distributed by the means of grid computing. The world wide web- Before the development of the web page, the internet was only composed of email, ftp servers and usenets. The web page was developed and was first introduced by CERN so that the researchers were able to share the information about high energy physics. Workforce Development The challenges which were faced by the scientists at the LHC campus were not ordinary and required an entirely unique set of skills and techniques of problem solving by the workers. Cultivated by core science, this technical mindset and expertise can be a valuable skillset to the field of particle acceleration and many other research fields. Additionally it was not possible to develop the LHC if it wasn't for the workers who left their industry job and contributed in the development of the technology (BBC News, 2015). The Core Science The benefits of technology and workforce are of short term and are achieved by the pursuit of problem finding will to the questions remained unanswered. So the funding of such projects depends on the perceived scientific benefits. The concept and the theoretical assumptions of LHC will not only help us to get to know universe but it will also increase our understanding about nuclear physics and quantum technology by accelerating the particles at speed which has never been done yet. Following are the aims of Large Hadron Collider: To search for the Higgs Boson particle this is predicted by the Standard model. This particle helps the other particle to acquire mass. To search the answer to the inconsistency of the particle based on the standard model. To search for the sources of dark matter. To search for the mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. To measure the size and structure of proton. To be able to understand the nature of cosmic rays and how they interact with our atmosphere. To confirm the existence of quark-gluon plasma and to know about its properties. The research conducted at CERN will also help to know about the concept of anti-gravity drives i.e. the ability to fold space which is just a speculative assumption for now. The practical benefits of LHC are still unknown so we will refer to the historical examples instead. From what is known is that the understating the theories like quantum field theory have generated many practical benefits in the past which are stated below: Developed about a century ago, initially the quantum mechanics was just another theory filled with puzzles and unanswered questions with no practical application. Around 50 years age a transistor was developed which helped us to understand the concept of quantum theory and quantum mechanics. The transistor comprised of the core of many computer chips. Without this transistor, the computers will still be made of vacuum tubes and would occupy large space. This led to the development of personal computer, laptops, smart phones etc. Studies related to atom have helped to develop the concept and working of nuclear power and nuclear bombs. Though the process of development of this technology has been long and frustrating the study has helped to generate the clean and safe source of power. The only drawback of this research is that the negative effects and uses of technology are more than positive effects. If fallen into wrong hands, this technology can have devastating effects. Another major research conducted around 150 years ago was the study of fundamental electromagnetism which shares it fundamental concepts with particle physics. The benefits yielded from this research is used by electrical engineers which has allowed them to create radios, batteries, the mathematically modeled effects of interference in circuits and many other. The specialty of LHC is that it squeezes the energy of collision in a space million times smaller. The particles when collide produces the energy around 14V, but in LHC the researchers have been able to reach the level of 1150V which is higher than ever recorded in history. We can compare this achievement by taking an example from daily routine; the energy produced while we clap our hands is much more than what was achieved at CERN but it is evenly distributed around our palm. The achievement of LHC is that it has been able to produce the same level of energy but at a million times smaller space(CERN, 2017). Discussion of Challenges A structure like LHC is not possible to build without facing any challenges. The development of LHC faced engineering challenges across every virtual engineering discipline. The major challenge was placing and maintaining magnets and cryogenics which are discussed below (Collier, 2015; Schmidt Vergara, 2002; Alonso, 2015): Magnets- In an electromagnet which is used in particle accelerator, the current flowing through the coils generates field. In an ordinary electromagnet this field can be limited by using iron yoke through which the coil passes whose closeness to the beam pipe determines the quality and strength of the field. This type of magnet is limited by the saturation of the iron yoke to a central field produced around. In a superconducting magnet, the field is generated directly by suitable distribution of the current arranged properly around the beam pipe. Placing magnets accurately was the most difficult challenge faced by the engineers. These magnets are used to direct the beam around the accelerator. The cumbersome task was placing these magnets precisely so that the particles could collide. If any one of these magnets was placed incorrectly the consequences could be life threatening also the collision wont take place. This could also damage the whole machine. Another problem with the magne tic placement was that all these magnets were electromagnets and they tend to lose their strength and potency from time-to-time. Many incidents have been reported where magnets have failed catastrophically which led to failure of tests. The constant failures were another challenge faced by the machine as it wasted a lot of energy. The working of LHC required the energy in huge units and this energy was needed regularly. Energy requirements of the Large Hadron Collider are incredibly high because the machine cant be stopped. Searching for a stable source of energy to electrify magnets was another challenge faced by the engineers. Cryogenics- This was the biggest challenge faced by the engineers working at CERN on the LHC. The aim was to increase the potency of the electromagnets which regularly gets used up during the process and lose its strength. Another issue was to cool down the 27 km long setup which gets immensely used up because of working at high energy levels. The answers to the questions were many but the most promising was liquid helium. The problem now the scientists faced was the cost of the machine was already touching roof and this was another expensive addition to the system. Acquiring liquid helium was not tough but it was very expensive and it was required in huge amount. Another complication was the maintenance required by this substance. Liquid helium requires high maintenance to maintain its temperature so it was stored in special containers which would keep the substance safe from the affects of the particle beam. The electromagnets were immersed in the substance so that its strength was maintained which helped it to reach the chilling temperature of 271.3 o This issue was though solved by the engineers but maintenance and procurement of liquid helium still remains a costly task and researchers are regularly working on procuring a better and inexpensive substance which will be the essence of the cryogenic system of LHC. Societal Challenges- The social challenges faced by the LHC were less and were answered by the researchers so that people may feel safe. Yet the major issue LHC faced was the high energy requirements. The machine used to work for 10 days just for a single operation because the rates of collisions were less. Such huge machines are also hard to start and even this process can take many days. The high energy requirements for such operations were becoming an issue as it was constantly using up valuable resources and that too in huge amounts. Apart from this many people also feared that the working of machine would re-create a parallel universe which may give rise to the sources of dark energy such as black hole. A black hole is so powerful that it can even suck planets and stars in it. But this concern of people was answered by scientists because even if any black hole will form it will be of very small size and would disappear instantly without causing any damage(The Telegraph, 2010). Conclusion After 25 years of hard work the LHC was commissioned at intermediate energy and performed well during the early stage of its operations. Even in the early stage, the machine was able to provide data which helped the scientists to discover and know the properties of the God Particle i.ee Higgs Boson. During the period of operations the machine also went under a two year shutdown period from 2013-2015. The machine is now in operational mode and the next shutdown will take place halfway in 2018. This period of operations has been very exciting and is expected to provide more specific data and answers to many questions. So it can be concluded that throughout its operational period the Large Hadron Collider has confronted many technical, engineering, operational and social challenges and has been successful in helping us to get to know the universe. This scientific invention can thus be stated as an engineering marvel which is expected to give many other insights in the future. References Alonso, I. B. (2015). HL-LHC challenges and impact in a nutshell. Hi Lumi HL-LHC Project. BBC News. (2015, March 28). What is the point of large Hadron Collider? Retrieved 2017, from Bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32087787 CERN. (2017). CERN-Brochure. Retrieved from Cds.cern.ch: https://cds.cern.ch/record/2255762/files/CERN-Brochure-2017-002-Eng.pdf CERN. (2017). The Large Hadron Collider. Retrieved from Home.cern: https://home.cern/topics/large-hadron-collider Collier, P. (2015). The technical challenges of the Large Hadron Collider. Philosophical Transaction A Royal Society. Schmidt, R., Vergara, A. (2002). Machine Protection and Interlock System for the LHC. Grenoble. The Telegraph. (2010, March 30). Large Hadron Collider hits problems as scientists bid to start high energy collissions. Retrieved 2017, from Telegraph.co.uk: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/large-hadron-collider/7537355/Large-Hadron-Collider-hits-problems-as-scientists-bid-to-start-high-energy-collisions.html

Rational Choice, Pluralist and Marxist Theories Contributions to the Study of Public Policy

Introduction Making of Public policies can be theorised in a number of way among them rational theory, Marxists theory and pluralist theory. With regard to Cope and Goodship, the drafting of a public policy is not just a task of the government.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rational Choice, Pluralist and Marxist Theories’ Contributions to the Study of Public Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Instead, it should be viewed as a complicated process that requires the input of political leaders and the diverse society (1999, p.9). These forces have the capacity to impact and affect the outputs of policies. Hills defines public policy as â€Å"the product of political influence, determining, and setting limits to what a state does† (1993, p.47). The definition broadly sets the guidelines for realising certain state-driven goals coupled with aspirations in the future (Toke Marsh 2003, p.229). Despi te the presence of the many differing theories for explaining the process of making public policies, all of them use a similar definition of a policy. Public administrations scholars have both theorised and broadly described the process of making public policies. For instance, Edward (1992) claims that public policy can be understood better by taking it as a set of interlinked process (p.39). The claim follows since policymaking requires the contributions of all sections of an organisation and not just one section or level that is mostly the top staff members (Gilliat 1984, p.345). Other public administration scholars see it as a single process that is defined by differing phases. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast contributions of the rational theory, Marxists theory, and pluralist theory to the study of public policy. The paper is organised into two sections. The definition of theories is considered first under the description section followed by comparison and c ontrasting of the theories. The question of how they contribute to the public policy study follows later in the analysis section. In conclusion, from the paradigms of rational theory, public policies are guided by mythological individualism and self-interested maximisation behaviours of people.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Description Defining Rational Theory Rational theory has its roots anchored in the work of Adams Smith, Wealth of Nations, which was first published in 1776. This work also forms the foundation of theory of neoclassical economics. As revealed by Smith, individuals who work to fulfil their personal desires can yield some collective gains to the community following some concealed forces (Frederickson et al. 2012, p.193). For people to fully meet their egocentric interests, there must be a continuous state of competition, which often leads to production of goods of better quality, which would benefit everybody besides being sold at low prices in the end. In making of public policy, rational theory forms the basis of decision making in the sense that the most appropriate policies are the ones, which deliver more and higher quality public good. Such a scenario cannot exist in an unregulated market. Frederickson et al. (2012) note that factors such as the egocentric party, rivalry witnessed in producers, and the unorganised markets are all indicative of neoclassical economics (p.183). Since rational theory rests on the platforms of neoclassical economics, these elements are also definitive of rational choice theory. From this context, rational choice theory entangles a theoretical construct for modelling and understating various economic and social behaviours. In theory, the term rational is applied to refer to the behaviour of people to constantly want more as opposed to less of any public good. Defining Marxism Theory Marxism sees the process of making public policies as the interplay of political power and economic class. Marxist theory is composed of a number of doctrines. Marxist theory has been strongly upheld by many people based on the wide range of sentiments within an analytical model that undermines the ‘capitalist’ society (Burnham 1994, p.73). From the paradigms of Marxist theory, policies are made to fulfil the function of the state. One function of the state is to make improvement of various conditions that foster accumulation of capital. This means that the state makes policies that will ensure that industries are able to make optimal profits. The second function of the state encompasses legitimisation of the resulting capitalistic system. This is accomplished through the introduction of myriads of policies such as welfare policies, health services, and pension policies among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rational Choice, Pluralist and Marxist Theoriesâ €™ Contributions to the Study of Public Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These policies are formulated such that people will not reject them and hence embrace the capitalist system (Hill 2005, p.23). Even if Marxist theory is supported by some public administration scholars as one of the mechanisms of effective allocation of limited public resources, it faces some drawbacks that are akin to the description of the concept of capitalism. For instance, based on Bonefield’s (1996) findings, Marxist theory approach in making of public policies faces an objection since it depicts societal authority as one that has divisions with no specific ownership (p.115). It says that nations that uphold the wellbeing of their people do so out of their heart and will rather than mere pretence or forces of circumstances. Another challenge is that the need to reflect the concepts of legitimisation and accumulation of capital in the publi c policies are contradictory. Often, the costs associated with the legitimisation process have the repercussion of creating a legitimisation crisis. Defining Pluralism Theory Classical pluralism theory for making public policies sees decision making in the formulation of public policies as being centrally located in the government’s frameworks although numerous nongovernmental groups utilise their resources to influence the process of making public policies. The main interrogative that is addressed by pluralism theory is how power is distributed across a political process of making public policies. From the contexts of this theory, in making public polices, â€Å"lines of conflict are multiple and shifting as power is a continuous bargaining process between competing groups† (Ackers 2002, p.8). While formulating public policies, inequalities are often created in terms of participation in the policy ideation process. However, the inequalities are distributed and evened out through adoption of various mechanisms of resource distribution within the unequal population. The theory puts an emphasis that the power to make public policies does not amount to a physical entity, which people have or do not have. The power spreads from varying sources. Analysis: Comparing and Contrasting the Three Theories The development of differing theoretical paradigms that provide insights to the process of making public policies is owned to the contribution made by various theories among them being Marxist, Pluralist, and rational choice theory.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this section, these theories are compared and contrasted in terms of the contribution they have made in guiding the manner in which public policymakers view the purpose and function of the polices they formulate and then later to be implemented by a bureaucratic system either from an approach of ‘top’ or ‘bottom’ or top-bottom Marxist theory sees public polices as serving the purpose of creating conflicts between the economic classes in a society. These policies favour the Bourgeoisie, who is a composed person who owns all the production means (Konings 2010, p.175). In fact, the policies led to exploitation of the Proletariat, which is composed of the working class. In particular, the Marxist analysis of the wellbeing of people focuses much on its connection with the people’s exercise of authority (Jessop 2002, p.105). From the paradigms of Marxist theory, this means that the state is an instrument of ruling people belonging to the capitalist clas s (Bourgeoisie) through formulation and implementation of appropriate public policies. Alternatively, a state is a complicated combination of systems that reveal the many differences that the larger society has of which the state itself is a subset (Duncan Goodwin 1982, p.158). Marxism theory contributes to the study of public policy by introduction a theoretical paradigm for interpreting the process of making public policies by maintaining that policies that develop welfare to the society are the ones advocating for strengthening of the Proletariat via making them resist exploitation. Opposed to Marxism theory, public policies under pluralism theory are not made to satisfy the quests of one principle group of people within a society. Instead, it sees public policy making process as being well comprehended based on the extrapolation that authority is relatively wide and unevenly shared among the various more or less coordinated groups in the society that rival each other in an effo rt to get hold of public policy (Dowding 1995, p.143). Some specific groups dominate in some arena or areas of public policy struggles while others are concerned with some different public policy areas. The Marxism theory maintains that the capitalistic group is favoured by the policies so that it can continue to support the economy through increased productivity and hence profitability. Through such policies, the Bourgeoisie is able to influence the Proletariat. Comparatively, the pluralism theory differs from this view by revealing how there is an insignificant intersection between the leaders who take part in a certain section of policy and the ones who take part in other sections of the same policy making process (Grillo1998, p.45). The two theories are similar in that they present the process of making public policies as entangling friction between various parties. Some parties are composed of the policy makers while others are composed of those people to whom the policies will apply. Somewhat different from the concerns of the both the above two theories in the making of public policies, rational theory holds that self interest among policy making stakeholders acts as the drive for determining the manner in which policies are formulated. It upholds the notion that the key conduct hypothesis of the neoclassical economic image is cosmopolitan. It points out people’s decisions and conducts, for instance, buying a house, making elections decisions, and or deciding on what and when to budget for are controlled by their ego (Frederickson et al. 2012, p.194). This means that public policies need to be made in a manner that fits the demands of the people to whom they should apply. The producers of the public goods are required to competitively respond to the needs of consumers in a manner that is consistent with their self-interest. Hence, policies should be made in a manner that makes it possible for the organisations, which are guided by self-interest, to deliver services and public goods that satisfy the utility of the consumers. For instance, in the healthcare setting, accessibility of quality healthcare is public good. From the paradigms of rational theory, organisations that are charged with the noble roles of ensuring the public has access to quality healthcare, for instance, a health insurance organisation must be favoured by the policies in the health care sector such that they will be able to deliver quality healthcare. From the context of this example, rational theory differs from Marxist theory in the formulation of public policies because Marxism theory would call for a free operation of market forces to determine the delivery of quality healthcare. It will not impose regulations to control the organisations such as the insurance companies in facilitation of delivery of quality healthcare as public good. From the approach of pluralism theory, there will be people of diverse settings, scopes, and their mode or way of inp ut to the larger community who are fighting for authority (Howlett 2002, p.237) to determine the appropriate mechanism of formulating a policy that will ensure accessibility of quality healthcare. The government or the state would play only the roles of mediation by shifting and balancing the interests of various interest groups as opposed to playing active roles in imposition and active innovation of various policies that would ensure accessibility of quality healthcare. Marxist theory suggests that persons whose voices are likely to be heard and taken into consideration in the formulation of public policies are those who are economically endowed, being also the people who control the factors of production. This means that Marxism theory contributes to the study of public policy in that economic power has the potential to translate into political power because policy formulation and implementation are inseparable from political influences (Toke Marsh 2003, p.234). Therefore, the p olitical power, which plays active roles in the process of making public policies, is a function of the economic power. Hence, the economic class is the one that makes policies indirectly. This argument forms the point of departure between the proponents of classical Marxism and neo Marxism. Classical Marxism sees the government as serving the roles of ruling the economic class while neo-Marxism contends that the government has a proportional liberty from capital (McLellan 1999, p.83). It does not then principally serves as an economic class-ruling agent. Pluralism approach to making of public policies sees power as not being centralised to the state. It views people as the carriers of power because they are in charge of most of the public resources (Ackers 2002, p.9). The resources are the tools that are used by people to compel others to do what they want them to. Politicians are then able to push through the process of making public policies since they have the capacity of comman ding various resources, which people feared, want, or even respect. There are two main important approaches to public policy from the paradigms of pluralism theory. Firstly, one needs to view resources as being everywhere in the society (Ackers 2002, p.12). Secondly, all the resources are almost available to almost every person. Since the degree to which people have accessibility of resources determines the extent to which people possess the power to influence the process of making public policies, making of public policies from the contexts of pluralism is a function of many actors. This implies that power is also distributed across many actors with the state only taking passive roles in the making of the policies. Policymaking is thus a procedure that is free and competitive (Dowding 1995, p.142). From the perspective of neo-pluralism, rather than power being distributed across all people, it is seen as only distributed in significant magnitudes across the key actors in the proces s of making public policies. Such actors include professionals who evaluate the policies and the businesspersons who are often impacted by the policies in terms of performance of their business activities. Since these key actors are incorporated in policymaking process, policymaking with regard to the neo-pluralism theory is a negotiated and an interdependent process (Ackers 2002, p.17). Pluralism is then a reflection of liberal thinking and contextualisation of democratic societal ideals for legitimisation of inequalities and power structures coupled with the contribution of the democratic society in influencing the process of formulation and implementation of public policies. The pluralism theory reinforces societal collectivism with regard to public policies. This contrasts the concern of rational theory, which reinforces self-centred maximisation conduct (Frederickson et al. 2012, p.195) and methodological individualism. A decision maker guided by rational theoretical paradigms while making policy encounters several chances and possibilities in the course of happenings (Ostrom Ostrom 1971, p.205). However, a similar decision maker guided by pluralism will pursue possibility and opportunities that deliver societal good. The difference between the two approaches is that the pluralism approach will not give rise to bureaucratic self-maximising individual in charge of making policies. Theorists who subscribe to rational theory as the best mechanism of making public policies consider the collective action advocated for by pluralism as problematic. Often, they deploy game theory to illustrate these problems. They employ simplistic models to make sense of deployment of rational theory in making of policies. Some critics of this theory see it as inappropriate for making public policies that would influence well all the stakeholders. However, in case a government utilises rational choices theory as the model for making public policies, the assumption made particul arly with regard to human behaviours end up as being self-fulfilling. Conclusion Decisions taken by governments to resolve certain challenges that constitute social problems through deployment of specific strategies designed for planning and implementation of a proposed action make up a public policy. Depending on the theory deployed in explaining the making of public policies, different scholars provide differing contribution to the advisement of the discipline of public policy administration. From this perspective, the paper compared and contrasted rational choice, Marxist, and pluralism theories’ contributions in the study of public policy. Marxist theory presents the process of making public policies as the interplay of the economic power and political power. The economic class is the owner of the factors of production. Policies made tend to favour this group of people as opposed to the working class. From a different angle, rational theory sees the making of public polic ies as being guided by self-interested maximisation behaviour of people and methodological individualism. This often leads to bureaucratic systems for the formulation and implementation of public policies. Lastly, the pluralism theory sees the procedure of making public policies as a process that is competitive and open to a variety of actors. The government or the state acts as the moderator that only plays passive roles. References Ackers, P 2002, ‘Reframing Employment Relations: The case for Neo-Pluralism’, Industrial Relations Journal, vol.33 no.1, pp. 2-19. Bonefield, W 1996, ‘Reformulation of State Theory’, Capital and Class, vol.11 no. 3, pp. 96-127. Burnham, P 1994, ‘The Organisational View of State’, Politics, vol. 154, no.4, pp. 59-86. Cope, S Goodship, J 1999, ‘Regulating Collaborative Government: Towards Joined-Up Government?’, Public Policy and Administration, vol. 14 no.2, pp. 3-16. Dowding, K 1995, ‘Model or M etaphor? A Critical Review of the Policy Network Approach’, Political Studies, vol. 45 no.1, pp. 136-158. Duncan, S Goodwin, M 1982, ‘The local state and restructuring social relations’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 6 no.3, pp. 157-186. Edward, C 1992, Political Authority and Bureaucratic Power, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, NJ. Frederickson, G et al. 2012, Public Administration Theory Primer, Westview Press, Boulder, Col. Gilliat, S 1984, ‘Public Policy Analysis and Conceptual Conservatism’, Policy and Politics, vol.12 no.4, pp. 345-367. Grillo, D 1998, Pluralism and the Politics of Difference, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hill, M 2005, The Public Policy Process, Policy Press, New York. Hill, M 1993, The Policy Process: A Reader, Harvester Wheatsheaf, London. Howlett, M 2002, ‘Do networks matter? Linking policy network structure to policy outcomes: evidence from four Canadian policy sectors 1990-2000’, Ca nadian Journal of Political Science, vol. 35 no.2, pp. 235-267. Jessop, B 2002, The Future of the Capitalist State: Jessop State Theory 1990, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, NJ. Konings, M 2010, ‘Renewing state theory’, Politics, vol. 30 no.3, pp. 174-182. McLellan D 1999, Marx and Marxism Political Studies, SAGE, Beverly Hills, Calif. Ostrom, V Ostrom, E 1971, ‘Public choice: a different approach to the study of public administration’, Public Administration Review, vol. 31 no.2, pp. 203-216. Toke, D Marsh, D 2003, ‘Policy Networks and the GM Crop Issue: Assessing the Utility of Dialectical Model of Policy Networks’, Public Administration, vol. 81 no.2, pp. 229-251. This essay on Rational Choice, Pluralist and Marxist Theories’ Contributions to the Study of Public Policy was written and submitted by user Porter G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Overview of Agricultural Geography

An Overview of Agricultural Geography Around ten to twelve thousand years ago, humans began to domesticate plants and animals for food. Before this first agricultural revolution, people relied on hunting and gathering to obtain food supplies. While there are still groups of hunters and gatherers in the world, most societies have switched to agriculture. The beginnings of agriculture did not just occur in one place but appeared almost simultaneously around the world, possibly through trial and error with different plants and animals or by long-term experimentation. Between the first agricultural revolution thousands of years ago and the 17th century, agriculture remained pretty much the same. The Second Agricultural Revolution In the seventeenth century, a second agricultural revolution took place which increased the efficiency of production as well as distribution, which allowed more people to move to the cities as the industrial revolution got underway. The eighteenth centurys European colonies became sources of raw agricultural and mineral products for the industrializing nations. Now, many of the countries which were once colonies of Europe, especially those in Central America, are still heavily involved in the same types of agricultural production as they were hundreds of years ago. Farming in the twentieth century has become highly technological in more developed nations with geographical technologies like GIS, GPS, and remote sensing while less developed nations continue with practices which are similar to those developed after the first agricultural revolution, thousands of years ago. Types of Agriculture About 45% of the worlds population makes their living through agriculture. The proportion of the population involved in agriculture ranges from about 2% in the United States to about 80% in some parts of Asia and Africa. There are two types of agriculture, subsistence, and commercial. There are millions of subsistence farmers in the world, those who produce only enough crops to feed their families. Many subsistence farmers use the slash and burn or swidden agricultural method. Swidden is a technique used by about 150 to 200 million people ​and is especially prevalent in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. A portion of land is cleared and burned to provide at least one and up to three years of good crops for that portion of land. Once the land can no longer be utilized, a new patch of ground is slashed and burnt for another round of crops. Swidden is not a neat or well-organized method of agricultural production by it is effective for farmers who dont know much about irrigation, soil, and fertilization. The second type of agriculture is commercial agriculture, where the primary purpose is to sell ones product at market. This takes place throughout the world and includes major fruit plantations in Central America as well as huge agribusiness wheat farms in the Midwestern United States. Geographers commonly identify two major belts of crops in the U.S. The wheat belt is identified as crossing the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Corn, which is primarily grown to feed livestock, reaches from southern Minnesota, across Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. J.H. Von Thunen developed a model in 1826 (which wasnt translated into English until 1966) for the agricultural use of land. It has been utilized by geographers since that time. His theory stated that the more perishable and heavier products would be grown closer to urban areas. By looking at the crops grown within metropolitan areas in the U.S., we can see that his theory still holds true. It is very common for perishable vegetables and fruits to be grown within metropolitan areas while less-perishable grain is predominantly produced in non-metropolitan counties. Agriculture uses about a third of the land on the planet and occupies the lives of about two and a half billion people. Its important to understand where our food comes from.

Free Essays on Theme For English B

Theme for English B The instructor said, Go home and write a page tonight. And let that page come out of you Then, it will be true. I wonder if it's that simple? I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem. I went to school there, then Durham, then here to this college on the hill above Harlem. I am the only colored student in my class. The steps from the hill lead down into Harlem, through a park, then I cross St. Nicholas, Eighth Avenue, Seventh, and I come to the Y, the Harlem Branch Y, where I take the elevator up to my room, sit down, and write this page: It's not easy to know what is true for you or me at twenty-two, my age. But I guess I'm what I feel and see and hear, Harlem, I hear you: hear you, hear mewe twoyou, me, talk on this page. (I hear New York, too.) Mewho? Well, I like to eat, sleep, drink, and be in love. I like to work, read, learn, and understand life. I like a pipe for a Christmas present, or recordsBessie, bop, or Bach. I guess being colored doesn't make me not like the same things other folks like who are other races. So will my page be colored that I write? Being me, it will not be white. But it will be a part of you, instructor. You are white yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. That's American. Sometimes perhaps you don't want to be a part of me. Nor do I often want to be a part of you. But we are, that's true! As I learn from you, I guess you learn from me although you're olderand white and somewhat more free. This is my page for English B. In order to better analyze this poem, it is necessary to know a little about the author because his work is pretty much close to his life and own experiences. James Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri. His parents divorced when he was a small child, and his father moved to Mexico. He was raised by his grandmother until he was thirt... Free Essays on Theme For English B Free Essays on Theme For English B Theme for English B The instructor said, Go home and write a page tonight. And let that page come out of you Then, it will be true. I wonder if it's that simple? I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem. I went to school there, then Durham, then here to this college on the hill above Harlem. I am the only colored student in my class. The steps from the hill lead down into Harlem, through a park, then I cross St. Nicholas, Eighth Avenue, Seventh, and I come to the Y, the Harlem Branch Y, where I take the elevator up to my room, sit down, and write this page: It's not easy to know what is true for you or me at twenty-two, my age. But I guess I'm what I feel and see and hear, Harlem, I hear you: hear you, hear mewe twoyou, me, talk on this page. (I hear New York, too.) Mewho? Well, I like to eat, sleep, drink, and be in love. I like to work, read, learn, and understand life. I like a pipe for a Christmas present, or recordsBessie, bop, or Bach. I guess being colored doesn't make me not like the same things other folks like who are other races. So will my page be colored that I write? Being me, it will not be white. But it will be a part of you, instructor. You are white yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. That's American. Sometimes perhaps you don't want to be a part of me. Nor do I often want to be a part of you. But we are, that's true! As I learn from you, I guess you learn from me although you're olderand white and somewhat more free. This is my page for English B. In order to better analyze this poem, it is necessary to know a little about the author because his work is pretty much close to his life and own experiences. James Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri. His parents divorced when he was a small child, and his father moved to Mexico. He was raised by his grandmother until he was thirt... Free Essays on Theme For English B Theme for English B â€Å"Theme for English B† is a poem by Langston Hughes in which a black student in a predominantly white college takes a seemingly simple assignment as an opportunity to inspect the complicated issue of race relations in America. The assignment instructs: Go home and write A page tonight. And let that page come out of you- Then, it will be true. (2-5) In his response to the assignment Hughes points out that we are often reluctant to admit that our similarities are more common and occur more often than our differences. Even though he is black and perhaps feels out of place in a white school, he obviously is very talented or he wouldn’t be in such a prestigious establishment. The poem takes place at his desk in his home and follows his train of thought to the end, where he decides that his brainstorming is as honest an opinion as he was ever going to get. Whereupon he decides to turn in his brainstorm as his response to the assignment. Langston Hughes provides plenty of information about himself in the first half of the poem, for example, that he was â€Å"born in Winston Salem† (7) and his school history first Durham, then Columbia University. He tells us that he was the only â€Å"colored student in my class†, Then he takes us on his journey home where from that prestigious establishment of Columbia he returns to Harlem through a park, crosses St. Nicholas Ave. where he arrives at the Harlem Branch Y takes the elevator and sits in his room. In the second half of the poem he inspects the similarities between himself as a black man and the instructor as a white man. The interesting aspect of this poem is how Hughes perceives and feels about this color difference and reflects on the difficulties in analyzing those differences, â€Å"It is not easy to know what is true for you or me† (16). First what brings these outwardly different people together? What do they have in common? Langston points out that ...

Comparative study two companies in the same area with regard to their Term Paper

Comparative study two companies in the same area with regard to their innovation activity - Term Paper Example Comparative study two companies in the same area with regard to their innovation activity This paper look at the companies history in relation to innovation, their respective time of entry, the path-dependencies, factors that influenced their optimal entry timing, transition process, and their motivation and management of the companies resistance. To achieve this, the study is going to employ different concepts such as types of innovation model, BCG Growth-Share Matrix, technology S-curve, SWOT analysis, and Porters 5 Force model. Grunfos A/S is a firm that manufactures pumps with its representative companies distributed across the world having more than 20,000 employees. The three major products produced by the company include submersible pumps, circular pumps and centrifugal pumps producing over 19 million pumps annually. The company’s white paper on its measures on changes in climate indicates that innovation remains the core of Grundfos. Dong Fang Turbine Co.ltd on the other had is an enterprise owned by the state with approximated over 13,000 employees and it has over the years developed to become among the top three leading power equipment companies. To get to this position, innovation has been key to the company’s development leading to the coming up of new wind turbine, thermal power and solar power. Self regulation in Grundfos has been appreciated as being remarkably exercised and it is deeply committed to the sustainability of the company. Following the fact that the kind of business run by the company remain relevant to the water resources of the world, its innovations have to take into consideration the Corporate Social responsibility. (Keeley and Doz 76). The company has committed itself to cut down on their carbon foot print and reduce their emissions of carbon in the entire cycle of both the services and products they produce, cut down on their water consumption using their value chain, produce pumps that are energy efficient, assist the world in adapting to the changes in climate, low carbon economy and water scarcity and facilitate the awareness linking energy, water and climatic changes. This implies that the main challenge to Grundfos innovation strategies is the state environment thus is has to come up with ways of ensuring that all the environmental regulations have been observed at the same time maximize on its profits. The company has adapted well to this challenge and this can be attributed mostly to its traditional proactive to take part in global environmental concerns such as being part of the establishment of A to G energy labeling that was a voluntary exercise, facilitating the production of educational material as well as funding and running researches and campaigns on environmental issues in the media (Keeley and Doz 120). Companies Endeavors Grundfos innovation strategies have been coupled with organizational adjustments, environmental management systems, and endeavors implemented one after the other. It is the Central Service Department of this company that is responsible for the coordination of environmental issues concerns as well as management of the external collaborations. Chain management of environmental products, environmental management in relation to production and the responsibility of corporate social remain the responsi bility of this department. In an effort to improve its operation and coordination within different departments within the

Integrated Communication Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Integrated Communication Marketing - Assignment Example The shareholders face a reduction in business growth, owing to the negative publicity of the company, which, reduces their profits. The management also suffers from the bad reputation as they report significant loss of business to competitors. Employees, on the other hand face the association of an immoral organization, which does not contribute positively to their self-esteem. External stakeholders include customers, the local community, as well as competitors (Strydom, 2005). The publicity of the company affects customers negatively, thus denying them an opportunity to dine at a restaurant they had previously enjoyed. The local community suffers from the immoral show that focuses on Olive Garden, which does not promote family values. Competitors enjoy the increased flow of clients to their organization as they move from Olive Garden. For casual observers of media, the â€Å"Sexiest Girls of Olive Garden† would appear as a sponsorship by the Olive Garden Company. This follows the idea that most programs search for organizations that can sponsor them, and then include their names in the event or program as a way of promoting their business to the audience. This event can be seen as one that had damage control programs in order. The overlap between the individuals who dined at the restaurant, and the people who watched the girls’ next-door show presented an effective control mechanism (Clow, & Baack, 2013). The group that dined at the restaurant consisted of more women than men. In relation to this, more women than men watched the show, thus allowing Olive Garden a perfect opportunity to gain greater publicity from the show. I disagree with this proposition as the show associated with Olive Garden was a complete opposite of the values that a family would support. Taking photos of nude people does not in any way depict the values a family should promote, hence does not attract positive publicity for the organization. If you were the public

Analysis of complex sentences of wals info French features 122, 123, Essay

Analysis of complex sentences of wals info French features 122, 123, 124, 125,126,127,128 - Essay Example hat are often coded in special ways using semantic case, case affix or an adposition instead of the grammatical case marking that is used in marking core arguments (Dryer et al. 123). While oblique objects are rarely the target of syntactic rules such as strategies on relativization, languages of the world use different strategies in relativizing the obliques. Apparently, French uses the relative pronoun strategy in relativization of the obliques. Different suprasegmental and morphosyntactic are used to ensure that the head noun functions as a noun while still playing some role in relativization. Moreover, the relative clause connects the pronoun or noun to the main phrase or clause. Example; A subject compliment is simply described as the pronoun, noun or adjective that trails the linking verb (Dryer et al. 124). The syntax of want keeps changing and the notional subject of its complement predication may be left implicit when coreferential wityh the wanter or expressed overtly in the complement phrase using pronominal elements. Evidently, as the complement subject is left implicit, special verb verbs including infinitives in articulating the verb ‘want’ into the construction. This is often the case in world languages with morphology. A purpose clause is basically a subordinate clause that investigates ‘for what purpose’ or ‘why’ the main clause verb was done (Dryer et al. 125). Noteworthy, a purpose construction encodes a relation between events such that the linked event, often coded by the main clause, is performed with the intention of realizing the other, which is often coded by the purpose clause. Purpose clauses constructions are commonly classified as either balanced or deranked. ‘When’ clauses are not defined in morphosyntactic terms but are rather defined in functional terms. According to Dryer et al., â€Å"A ‘when’ construction is regarded as one encoding a temporal relation between two events, such that there is a temporal overlap

The Negative Impacts Of Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Negative Impacts Of Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Negative Impacts of Tourism Industry and the Importance of Sustainable Tourism The UN World Tourism Organization predicts that the amount of tourists traveling internationally from 2007 to 2020 will double in that time period from about 800 million to 1.6 billion (S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 2008). Tourism is the result of leaving ones own place and entering into a new place for the purpose of experiencing unknown environments and fantasy landscapes (Lansing and De Vries 2006). Tourism is a contact zone; therefore countries must adapt to each others differences in order to cope with the increasing amount of tourists. When this adaption occurs, it can create many disruptions on the host country involving their culture, how their society functions, and their environment (P. Lansing and P.D. De Vries 2006). The increasing popularity of tourism clearly has positive benefits such as being a large supplier of Foreign Direct Investment, as well as providing jobs for many people, but many say that it is just a continuation of old colonial patterns (Andereck and McGehee 2008). The harsh effects of tourism must be addressed and minimized in order for both the tourists and residents of the travel destination to reach its maximum benefit. I believe that this can be achieved through sustainable tourism, which is a type of tourism that continues to provide opportunity for employment in the local countries, but has minimal impact on the environment, culture and social lives of the host countries (Schloegel 2007). Through an analysis of the negative effects of various cultural, social and environmental impacts of tourism on Third World countries, one can see that sustainable tourism reduces these effects and ultimately will help these countries thrive. With the increasing amount of international travelers, and increasing numbers of tourist destinations, the amount of people entering the country can often be a disturbance to the countrys culture and beliefs. This may occur because of the fact that the vast majority of tourists are from First World countries, therefore it is difficult for host Third World countries to maintain their unique cultures and traditions when there are constant pressures to adapt to the various needs of the First World. This also is a way to notice that tourism is another form of old colonial practices, because they are trying to transform another culture into their own. McRea argues that because many tourists travel to experience the lives and cultures of other people; travellers develop preconceived perceptions of what they are expecting (2003). Moreover, Tooman argues that in order to satisfy these preconceived perceptions, the tourist destinations are required to satisfy these views of the tourists and make alterations in their culture to fit the views of the tourists (1997). This is a change that residents of host countries undergo in order to keep up with the needs of tourists so they can continue to have good service. Depending on the way countries react to these unavoidable changes, the constant pressures of changing can have negative affects on individuals habits, routines, social lives, beliefs and values (Dogan, 1989). Tourism often results in the intrusion on the daily lives of locals, a loss of privacy, and overcrowding of the host country. This negatively impacts the social lives of the local people which then leads to negative feelings about tourism for the people of the host country (King, Milman and Pizam, 1993). The mass tourism industry has created many job opportunities for people of the Third World as it has provided jobs in the travel, hotel, and service industry (King et. Al 1993). Although these jobs have lead to numerous opportunities, the residents of tourist locations must adapt to the rapid changes in their community. The construction of all services that are necessary for the tourism industry to succeed is a lot for the local people to adapt to because it is highly disruptive on the environment. The rapid development of constant new destinations negatively impacts the way societies interact with each other because they experience an overall change in habits, daily routines, social lives, beliefs, and values (Dogan 1989). Due to this, negative feelings towards tourism are formed which has lead to an increase in immoral behaviour of some individuals of the host country (Dogan 1989). Many residents feel that they have become servants of the tourists, because they are only working to satisfy the tourists desires. This may create social tension between tourists and people of the host destination. It changes the way they respond to one another (Vago 1998). Areas with high rates of tourism often experience an increase in population due to the many people that move in from out of town in order to benefit from the new job opportunities that the tourism industry has offered. Many communities, when undergoing a population increase, tend to experience a loss of identity and culture. It is difficult to maintain a particular identity when there are so many people from different backgrounds and beliefs entering the community at a rapid rate. The gradual increase of people into a community results in a change of habits, daily routines, social lives, beliefs and values (Dogan, 1989). This changes the structure of societies in the host country and forces them to adapt to these constant changes. Adapting to these changes may have negative impacts on the lives of the residents of the host countries. For example, if an individual finds that their culture is being severely disrupted in a negative way, they may create perceptions of the tourists, which may lead into immoral behaviours. There has been an increase in crime rates, drug addiction and social conflicts within Third World countries, which can likely be related to negative feelings of tourism (Dogan, 1989). The environment is a key factor in tourist destinations and will often be the deciding factor when choosing a vacation spot. This means the industry is constantly searching for new fantasy environments to build tourist attractions on. With the tourism being a large part of the twentieth century, the demands for tourism locations are increasing. Tourists wish to experience new cultures when traveling, but without the development of new places, the popularity of tourism will decline because the desire to experience new fantasy landscapes will not be fulfilled (Lim and McAleer 2005). This desire has resulted in many countries developing new tourism destinations, which is increasingly placing more of a negative impact on the environment as it is damaging important resources and the natural beauty of many ecosystems such as mountains and beaches (Lim et. al 2005). Due to the construction of many tourist attractions, it is causing the destruction of many unique environmental locations in host countries. This process has a significant impact on the environment, as well as the people living in that location. Constantly building tourist attractions causes air and noise pollution from an increase of vehicles and airplanes; water pollution due to fertilizer leakage, road oil and human waste; wildlife destruction caused by hunting and disruption of natural habitats, destruction of wetlands, plants and trees, which can lead to damaging the soil and beaches (Mowforth and Munt 1998). Not only is the constant construction of new tourist locations damaging to the environment, but it is also has a large disruption on the lives of the local people. The countrys environment is being destroyed for the purpose of meeting the demands of the tourists; therefore their environment is being taken away from them. In some countries, the local people lack clean water because the tourists are consuming so much of it and there is not enough left for some residents of the country (Mowforth and Munt 1998). In addition, it is common to see that once the tourist attraction has been developed, the local residents are not allowed access to it. This creates thoughts of resentment towards the tourists, because they are no longer allowed access to the natural environment that their country offers. In the twentieth century, the cruise ship industry has become increasingly popular. This type of tourism is he least beneficial form of tourism, as it produces about 77% of the worlds marine pollution (Dubinsky 2011: week 6). Cruise ships are so damaging to the environment, that they are only registered in a few countries that ignore the environmental laws. These countries may think that the cruise ship industry is benefiting their economy, but 95% of the requirements are imported from outside the region that is being visited; therefore only 5% of the consumption of tourists is actually from the tourist destination (Dubinsky 2011: week 6). It is shocking to see that the tourism industry is clearly aware of the harmful impact cruise ships have on the environment, yet continue to promote the cruise ship industry. As companies continue to advertise the cruise ship industry the number of passengers on cruise ships will continue to increase, which will only make the environment worse. We need to focus on these issues and make people aware of these harmful impacts, and focus on the future of a sustainable tourism industry. In the generation of today, we are experiencing climate change worldwide. Seeing significant changes in climate is a result of our carelessness to the environment we live in. The tourism industry has clearly contributed to a significant amount of the harmful effects on the environment, but minimal action is being taken on the issue to reduce the signs of climate change. Sustainable development links cultures and their environment. It is crucial that we relate these to each other because if we focus on one and not the other, the mass tourism industry could potentially lead to further negative consequences. It is clear that appropriate action needs to take place in order to reduce the negative effects of tourism. It is unrealistic to diminish all of the affects, but it is it is possible to minimize them. Looking at the negative cultural, social and environmental consequences of the mass tourism industry, one should be motivated to reduce the negative effects of tourism, while still maintaining the positive impacts. The tourism industry must also focus on the impact it will have in the future as well as making it more beneficial for both host countries as well as tourists. The most appropriate method of achieving this is through sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is a type of tourism that continues to provide the same opportunities for the local people of host countries, but has minimal impact on the environment and culture of the countries (Schloegel 2007). By practicing sustainable tourism, it will benefit the local peoples and communities as well as protect their resources upon which the tourism and recreation industry is built. If the amount of construction of new tourist sites is limited, it will reduce the amount of negative environmental impacts. For example, one could achieve this by limiting the number of new tourist destinations and only use established tourist sites. Other steps that can be taken in order to make tourism more sustainable is to make it mandatory for people to use biodegradable sunscreen because normal sunscreen is very harmful to the oceans. Another way to enforce sustainable tourism is to reduce the amount of chemicals used for eliminating insects, as they are also harmful to the environment. The Brundland Commission Report is an organization that focuses on addressing the increasing concern of the rapid deterioration of the environment and natural resources caused by constant construction in the Third World (Krotz 1996:216). The organization argues that the only way of reducing the negative cultural, social and environmental impacts of mass tourism is through a developmental process that provides for the needs of the present while ensuring that options for the future are preserved (1996). By traveling to many Third World countries such as Mexico, Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Costa Rica, I have become aware of the many negative cultural, social and environmental impacts of the mass tourism industry. In these destinations, I noticed that many people are dependent on the tourism industry to supply them with jobs. Although there are numerous job opportunities available, most workers are being paid minimum wage relying on tips to supplement their income and they work full days with only one day off per week. This clearly has an impact on the social lives of the local people because the majority of their lives are spent at work and they do not have that much time for themselves and their family. Also by traveling to these countries and often staying at all-inclusive resorts, one of the most significant things I noticed was the amount of consumption of resources seen in the hotels. The amount of waste that is being produced is shocking due to the constant use of things such as plastic water bottles, which do not appear to be being recycled, and discarding of unconsumed food. Recently in Mexico I spoke with one of the workers of the resort I was staying at and he told me that the majority of Mexicans are vegetarians because they cannot afford the price of meat. Yet, at all of the resorts, there are vast quantities of meat. It is also shocking for me to see that many of the local people of host countries are not allowed access to many places that are natural to that country such as beaches. I believe that people should have access to the natural beauty that their country offers. I have also noticed that many travellers are not appreciative of the host countries unique cultures and traditions. Even though these actions are damaging to the countrys culture, they sacrifice their own needs to meet the tourists desires because the industry is necessary for their development. Visiting these countries has provided me insight into many of the negative impacts o f tourism and has made me aware that a significant change is needed within the tourism industry. The mass tourism industry has brought many job opportunities for Third World counties, but as the industry continues to increase, we continue to negatively impact the culture, the way societies interact, and their environment. When there are so many tourists and people moving into the country to take advantage of the many job opportunities, many countries have difficulty holding onto their unique cultures and traditions when there are too many factors that invade and interrupt their culture. These constant interruptions cause the local people to adapt to the different cultures and values of the people touring and moving into the country. This also leads into a change in the way societies interact with one another. Through my own experience, it seems that many people are not aware of all of the negative impacts of the mass tourism industry. By increasing global awareness of the topic and by implementing sustainable tourism practices, we can reduce the amount of negative impacts on the culture, social lives, and environment and ultimately help host tourist countries thrive. Word count: 2471

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre - Miss Temples Influence on Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

Miss Temple's Influence on Jane Eyre "Jane Eyre" is set during the Victorian period, at a time where a women's role in society was restricted and class differences distinct. A job as a governess was one of the only few respectable positions available to the educated but impoverished single women. Not only is "Jane Eyre" a novel about one woman's journey through life, but Brontë also conveys to the reader the social injustices of the period, such as poverty, lack of universal education and sexual inequality. Jane's plight and her "dependant" status is particularly emphasized at the beginning of the novel. Miss Temple is the kind and fair-minded superintendent of Lowood School, who plays an important role in the emotional development of Jane Eyre. Miss Temple is described by Helen as being "good and very clever" and "above the rest, because she knows far more than they do". This description is more significant because it has been said by Helen, and she herself is extremely mature. One of Miss Temple's most outstanding qualities is her ability to command (perhaps unconsciously) respect from everyone around her, "considerable organ of veneration, for I yet retain the sense of admiring awe with which my eyes traced her steps". Even during their first encounter Jane is "impressed"... "by her voice, look and air". Throughout Jane's stay at Lowood, Miss Temple frequently demonstrates her human kindness and compassion for people. An Example of this is when after noticing that the burnt porridge was not eaten by anyone, she ordered a lunch of bread and cheese to be served to all, realising their hunger. This incident is also evidence of her courage, of how she is not afraid to stand up to her superior, when she feels that too much unnecessary suffering has been inflicted on the children Miss Temple's Christianity contrasts with that of Mr Brocklehurst, where instead of preaching restrictive and depressing doctrine, which he then proceeds to contradict, she encourages the children by "precept and example". After the incident involving Mr Brocklehurst announcing to the whole school that Jane is a liar, the reader becomes aware of Miss Temple's sense of natural justice, where before accepting what Mr Brocklehust has said, she inquires from Jane her version. It is of no coincidence that Brontë choose to coincide Miss Temple's arrival into the schoolroom with the moon's light "streaming in through a window near".

McDonald’s global marketing strategy (GMS) Essay

1. Identify the key elements in McDonald’s global marketing strategy (GMS). In particular, how does McDonald’s approach the issue of standardization? Does McDonald’s think global and act local? Does it also think local and act global? McDonald’s global marketing strategy is based on combination of global and local marketing mix elements. For the first elements in McDonald’s global marketing strategy (GMS) is a vital elements in McDonald’s business model restaurants system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and the restaurants themselves offer the consumers a chance to experience for themselves a fast food legend. McDonald’s business model, depicted by the â€Å"three-legged stool† of owner/operators, suppliers, and company employees, is their foundation, and balancing the interests of all three groups. Second elements are McDonald’s offers core menu items like hamburgers, French fries and soft drinks in mo st countries. The popularity of American-style hamburgers, fries, and soft drinks is growing around the world, supporting Levitt’s view of the global village. For the price, the average price of Big Mac in the United States is $3.54. Globalization involves developing marketing strategies as though the world is a single entity, marketing standardized products in the same way everywhere. Globalized organizations employ standardized products, promotional campaigns, prices and distribution channels for all markets. Brand name, product characteristics, packaging and labeling are the easiest of the marketing mix variables to standardize. One of the aims of McDonald’s is to create a standardized set of items that taste the same whether in India, China or South Africa. McDonald’s seeks to serve its customers with the same quality product and experience, whether that restaurant is located in Moscow, Kiev or Russia. This requires standardized processes and similar quality ingredients. The table below is the examples of effective global marketing of McDonald’s: Marketing Mix Element

THE STORM BY KATE CHOPIN essays

THE STORM BY KATE CHOPIN essays The Storm by Kate Chopin is a classic example of effective use of setting. the author chooses a absolutely remarkable setting that not only highlights the significance of the actions taking place during the story but also accentuate the intensity of passion and emotions that the two characters Calixta and Alcee share. This story takes place during a stormy night when Calixta's husband Bobinot is away from home with his son and has not yet returned. it appears that he has been caught in the storm. During this night, her ex-lover comes to her place to seek shelter and as is usually common in such situations, Calixta is drawn to Alcee who is also a married man by now. Both renew their passion with the storm raging outside. The setting is tied to their passion and emotions because as the storm gets intense, so does the passion between the couple. "While the storm burst. It shook the wooden store and seemed to be ripping great furrows in the distant field" (Chopin, 96), and also again "The rain beat on the low, shingled roof with a force and clatter that threatened to break an entrance The setting thus plays an important role in conveying and illustrating the passion of the couple and its changing level of intensity. Calixta and Alcee were so caught in the moment that they simply didn't let their marital status become a hurdle and this was clear from the way Chopin described it, "They did not heed the crashing torrents, and the roar of the elements made her laugh as she lay in his arms" (97). Setting has been used to accentuate the intensity of their emotions and similarly it is also used to show the end and waning of the passion. "The growl of the thunder was distant and passing away. The rain beat softly on the shingles, inviting them to drowsiness and sleep." (98) Apart from the storm, the time these actions take place also signifies something important. Night symbolizes dar ...

Oil and Gas Prices

Oil and Gas Prices Introduction In the recent past, there has always been news or reports on the rising gas and oil prices. In the recent past, prices have risen from a little over a dollar per gallon to at least $3.47 per gallon. This is according to Forbes (2008), a congressman of the Virginia fourth congressional district.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Oil and Gas Prices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been reports that this trend would continue for some time even to a price of 30 more cents per gallon. These increases in prices have been an issue since they have been straining most of the families’ budgets. Forbes says that he has been receiving emails and letters from his constituents regarding the issue seeking to know why the prices are rising at that rate. If this situation continues for a while, it could have much effect on the world’s economy as it would impact strongly on the families and business es as well. The following paper seeks to find out the effects of these fluctuating prices on the environment and the economy and the effects of going green with/without the oil and gas. According to Forbes (2008), the rising gas prices in the past couple of years could have been caused by several factors that have had individual pressure on the energy system. They either influence the price of crude oil or production and marketing of gasoline and the interaction of these in a single market affect the overall gas prices. Some of them include; crude oil prices – their prices are determined by the demand and supply in the world. The OPEC countries are the determining factors since they decide on what to produce and export. This means that the more they produce, the less the prices will be. However, due to the fact that oil is traded in the world market, whatever happens on the ground in these countries could greatly have an effect on the amount of oil produced at a particular ti me of the year. Some example of such events that have affected oil prices in the past include; the OPEC cartel decided to raise production quotas despite the fact that they had previously reduce them in the year 2002. The increasing population in china, India and developing worlds has seen most of the people in these countries have access to automobiles hence increasing the demand for gas and oil in these countries.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There have been disruptions in countries that produce a lot of oil like Nigeria and Venezuela. Another reason for the increased oil/gas prices is the refinery imbalances – the rising economic growth in the US has created some imbalances in the refining industries since the demand for gasoline is increasing daily and with the declining refining capacity, a lot of constraint has been put on the available oil forcing them to increase prices. Seasonal changes are another factor that has caused the fluctuating gasoline prices. This relates to the time of the year and in this case, gas prices are higher during summer and holiday seasons as many people in America are traveling and hence the demand is high. Forbes (2008) explains that not only crude oil production that impacts on the fluctuating prices rather there are factors such as environmental programs, competition in the local market and proximity of supply. In this case, people living in areas far from the Gulf Coast which is the area where gasoline is produced are likely to pay higher prices since the total price will cover the transportation expenses. Prices also vary according to the competition in a particular area. For instance, the rural areas might experience higher prices since there are not many stations offering such services and on the other hand, those areas with several stations will have fairer prices due to competition. Accordin g to Forbes (2008), the increasing prices have had impact in various sectors in the US. In farming, farmers use energy in processes like fertilization, and due to the increased prices in energy, they have been forced to cut down the amount of produce in a year. This in turn has increased the prices in the amount of food stuff and burden is left on the consumers. Reports by US department of Agriculture said that between 2000 and 2005, the fuel cost on farming rose by 10%. In manufacturing, manufacturers are also not left out as the increased cost on energy used to produce goods forces them to increase the prices of the goods produced and at times they are forced to lower their workers’ salaries. This in turn puts pressure on consumers and workers and strains the economy. The tourism department has also been affected since airlines and bus lines need fuel for them to be fully operational. Some families have been forced to cut short or reduce their travel due to the increased oi l prices and due to this, cities that highly depend on tourism have had heir economy affected. Other than the overall economic effect, individuals have also felt a pinch as they are forced to readjust their budgets to pay for the high prices (Forbes, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Oil and Gas Prices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are many man-made machines that rely on oil and gas such as air crafts, motor vehicles and many other industrial machines for them to function. Much as they are useful, they also have some consequences that are experienced by both human beings and the environment at large. For instance, coal and oil have molecules that have byproducts of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur when they are burnt. Apart from this, they also produce some form of particles that do not burn and hence released to the environment and cause pollution (NaruralGas.org, 2004). The environmental issue that has be en on discussion currently, the green house effect, is due to the high levels of gases that are being emitted by these green houses. Naturally, there are gases in the environment that regulate the amount of heat that is emitted on the atmosphere. Researches show that increased emission of green house gases could lead to high temperatures on the earth surface and eventually have disastrous effects on the environment. Motor vehicle and aircraft emissions, paints and emissions from industries contribute to smog which is a product of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and heat from the sun. When these products combine, they form a smoggy layer on the environment and can also cause respiratory problems such as lung damages if inhaled by both human beings and animals. Chemicals such as sulfur and nitrogen dioxides react with water vapor to form acid rain which also pollutes the environment, damages crops and causes respiratory illnesses in human beings (NaruralGas.org, 2004). Apart from bei ng environmental pollutants, gas/oils have several benefits. For instance, natural gas is the cleanest fuel since its combustion process produces little byproducts that may pollute the environment. It does not leave any soot or odors and if inhaled in small amounts, it does not affect human beings. Natural gas is also economical since it is piped directly to the consumer and the system is not easily affected by weather changes hence enhancing safety. When using gas and oil, they are easy to transport hence quite efficient. Oil extraction, refining and selling has also created jobs for many people in the producing countries and also improved the economy of the country though exports. Going green is a term that has been in use currently referring to the methods in our daily lives that can be used to help save the environment. According to Save the World (2009), green living entails reduction in the use of oil based energy and using only organic and chemical free products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One can also decide to go green at home by applying healthy farming practices through the use of organic and chemical free farm products. It also means people trying to save water by always turning off taps after use and switching off lights when they are not needed. Some people are also trying to save the world by deciding to use bicycle or walk on foot for the short distances instead of using vehicles that use a lot of gas and oils while emitting harmful gases on the environment (Save the World, 2009). All these practices are aimed at saving the environment and creating a healthier earth and in turn reduce diseases and provide healthy individuals who will be involved in developing the world. However, this move does not come without its negative effects as well. McRae (n.d) argues that as much as we are trying to save the world by using organic products, it is quite clear that such products are quite expensive than traditional ones. This also applies to the hybrid vehicles and use of solar panels which seem to be quite expensive. In this world where all are not equal, not every one is in a position to purchases such products and this means that if they can’t afford the big changes; they may not be part of the change at all. Use of fluorescent bulbs is said to save energy as they last longer and use less energy. However, there is evidence that they contain mercury and if no properly disposed, they could contaminate soil or water. Therefore, they must be recycled and this means that one has to store the used bulbs until they are collected by people concerned (McRae, n.d). In conclusion the fluctuating oil and gas prices have had an impact on the economy ranging from tourism, manufacturing and farming. At the same time, use of these products in our daily live helps us a great deal as they speed up our operations in various operations. However, they also have negative impacts as they pollute the environment through emission of gases and particles and thus causing disease. This leads to use of a lot of money for treatment purpose and as such it means that unless we try to devise ways of reducing these effects, the little we get from our businesses will always be used to offset hospital bills. Going green is a strategy being adopted by many in the world to help save the planet by reducing the use of oil based energy and organic products. Much as it is a good way of conserving our environment, it has its own disadvantages which must be looked into such as the expenses which of course are not affordable to all. Reference List McRae, S. (n.d). Negative Effects of Going Green. Web. Save The World. (2009). Going Green: What Does Going Green Mean? Web. Forbes, R. J. (2008). FAQs: Gas Prices. Web. NaturalGas.org. (2004). Natural Gas and the Environment. Web.

Compare and contrast research paper about the apocalypse - 1

Compare and contrast about the apocalypse - Research Paper Example As such, varying literature have endeavored to explain about the concept of the apocalypse as they can best imagine. Having seen that, it is important to compare and contrast such different writings about the apocalypse to analyze where there seem to be convergent of opinions. In the event of any similarity in opinions, it will still be hard to make a conclusion. No one has offered any reliable evidence that the apocalypse shall take the exact same way or as described by creative opinion of authors, actors and artist. Even so, such analyses do provide a rich background from which to postulate the possible occurrence. It is also not clear whether the anxiety do with the apocalypse are human being’s realm of fear or extreme creativity of prophesy. Whichever it may be , what then are the various concepts about apocalypse as presented by various authors. The poem Apostrophe To Man by Edna St. Vincent Millay has its version of apocalypse. According to Millay, man’s quest for knowledge is closely tied with the apocalypse. According to her, science and technology has contributed in making the human race very hostile to the extent that they have engaged in unwarranted wars that threaten to bring an end to the very civilizations that they have toiled to build. She observes that science has succeeded in making human life both long and short. While there may be facilities that human beings can use to improve life, they have also developed those that are capable to take away life in great numbers. Millay analyses the apocalypse as time that shall be characterized by the above phenomena. The author also observed that human being’s shall be characterized by an on and off circle of disaster after disaster. She seems to be asserting that the apocalypse shall come to be as a result corrupted human wisdom. Life in the days of apocal ypse, she postulates, shall be an endless chain of ain and suffering (Millay 1). On the other hand, Bradbury’s fiction August 2026:

Analyzing Psychological Disorders Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analyzing Psychological Disorders - Term Paper Example A second part of the paper shall discuss two cases from a biopsychologist’s viewpoint including a discussion of the problem in relation to the nature-nurture issue. This case study shall consider any helpful drug interventions or solutions to the cases, as well as any positive or negative aspects of the drug interventions of solutions. This paper is being conducted in order to ensure a thorough and comprehensive understanding of psychological disorders and the role of health professionals in modifying its impact on patients. Schizophrenia is a chronic and debilitating disease which affects both men and women equally. The term is of Greek origin which basically translates to â€Å"split mind† (Coconcea, 2005). Based on that translation, schizophrenia does not also refer to â€Å"split personality† or multiple personality disorder, but refers to another disease exhibiting other symptoms in the patient. From a physiological standpoint, the areas of the brain affected by schizophrenia are theorized by different clinicians and experts on the subject matter. Basically, however, according to the dopamine hypothesis, the neurotransmitter dopamine appears as an overactive neurotransmitter for those with schizophrenia (Campbell, 2010). This over-activity seems to produce motor and cognitive problems in the patient which often manifests as audio and visual hallucinations. In terms of structure as seen in MRI images, the brains of schizophrenics (particularly, the frontal lobe) show reduced gray matte r and decreased brain volume (Campbell, 2010). The ventricles and the basal nuclei are also affected since these appear larger for schizophrenics; the hippocampus and amygdala are also different as they appear smaller for these patients (Campbell, 2010). In a theory set forth by Pierce Howard, he explains that the brain normally goes through the process of â€Å"synaptic pruning† from

UK Government Urban Policy Agenda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

UK Government Urban Policy Agenda - Essay Example The implication of various reports that have been projecting the growth of population in UK is increased house-building especially on undeveloped green fields. Every incoming government has been targeting to increase the number of houses in the cities in order to solve the housing problem. However, according to the Urban Task Force, these interventions are insufficient. This is because an appropriate strategy must address the increasing level of dissatisfaction among the city residents. Many of these people feel that little attention is being directed towards making city life better . Therefore, there is an argument that the policies should not only focus on accommodating people in urban areas, but also make the cities attractive for the people living in them. The last government’s urban policy agenda failed to achieve the set objectives. For instance, in 1999, the Regional Development Agencies was launched. The main aim was to transform the UK’s regions through sustainable economic development. This is through creating the right conditions for growth and bringing expertise to the task of economic regeneration and development. This is through improving the physical infrastructure and providing the necessary support to the people. In 2002-2007, the agency received a large amount of money from the government.